Microbiology
Summary
Reoviridae is a family of enveloped viruses with double-stranded RNA divided into (on average) 11 segments. One significant member of Reoviridae is the rotavirus, which can cause toxin-mediated secretory diarrhea triggered by the viral enterotoxin NSP4. NSP4 heightens chloride permeability, which in turn drives the onset of secretory diarrhea. This virus mainly occurs in the winter months and predominantly affects infants and young children, leading to its status as the leading cause of severe diarrhea in this age range. A live, attenuated oral vaccine is available for prophylaxis against rotavirus. Notably, the rotavirus vaccine has been associated with a heightened risk of intussusception.
The Colorado tick fever virus, another member of Reoviridae, is named for its prevalence in the Rocky Mountain states. It causes symptoms like fever, vomiting, and myalgia. Just like rotavirus treatment, the treatment for Colorado tick fever virus is largely supportive care typically involving oral rehydration therapy.
Lesson Outline
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FAQs
Rotavirus is a highly contagious virus that causes inflammation of the stomach and intestines, often leading to severe diarrhea in infants and young children. It belongs to the Reoviridae family, which is a class of double-stranded RNA viruses.
Colorado tick fever virus (CTFV), a member of the Reoviridae family, is transmitted through the bite of an infected tick, specifically the Rocky Mountain wood tick. It subsequently causes Colorado tick fever, which is characterized by symptoms similar to those of the flu.
NSP4 is a viral enterotoxin produced by the rotavirus. It has specific effects on enterocytes, the cells lining the intestines. By triggering an increase in intracellular calcium levels, NSP4 disrupts normal water and electrolyte absorption, leading to secretory diarrhea, a hallmark symptom of a rotavirus infection.
Rotavirus infections, primarily presenting with diarrhea, are managed mainly through supportive care. The foremost concern is preventing dehydration. Patients, especially young children, are often given oral rehydration solutions, and in severe cases, intravenous fluids. Colorado tick fever virus infections also lack a specific antiviral treatment. Patients are advised to take over-the-counter pain relievers to address fever and muscle aches, maintain hydration, and ensure ample rest until symptoms abate.
Rotavirus infections can be prevented through the use of an attenuated oral vaccine. It's typically given to infants in multiple doses, starting from around 2-months of age.
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