Microbiology
Summary
Haemophilus influenzae is a gram-negative coccobacilli that requires chocolate agar, or a special medium enriched with factor V (NAD) and factor X (hematin), for growth.
Haemophilus influenzae is primarily spread through aerosol transmission and can cause conditions like epiglottitis, otitis media, and meningitis, particularly in children. Strains of Haemophilus influenzae with a type b capsule are known to cause meningitis, which can present with symptoms such as headache and neck stiffness. Patients with sickle cell disease and those without a spleen are indeed at a higher risk of infection from encapsulated bacteria, including Haemophilus influenzae. The Hib vaccine is administered to infants as a preventive measure, containing an antigen conjugated to diphtheria toxoid, and is given in a series of vaccinations between 2-18 months. For treatment, ceftriaxone is commonly used for Hib meningitis, and rifampin prophylaxis is recommended for close contacts of children with Hib infection.
Lesson Outline
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FAQs
Haemophilus influenzae is a gram-negative coccobacilli that is commonly transmitted through aerosols or respiratory droplets. This means it can spread through coughing, sneezing, or close contact with an infected individual.
Haemophilus influenzae requires certain nutrients to grow, which are usually supplied by blood in form of factor V (NAD) and factor X (hematin). The bacteria usually cultured on chocolate agar, a type of growth medium that contains these nutrients.
Haemophilus influenzae can cause several types of infections, often affecting the respiratory tract. These can include pneumonia, epiglottitis, and otitis media. In more severe cases, it can cause meningitis, septic arthritis, and sepsis. Individuals with conditions like sickle cell disease are particularly at risk of serious complications.
Often, a type of beta-lactam antibiotic such as ceftriaxone is used to treat severe infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae. For individuals who are allergic to this class of drugs, alternatives like rifampin may be used. Treatment decisions are usually based on the severity and location of the infection.
Yes, there is a vaccine for Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), which is the most virulent type. The vaccine is often combined with a Diphtheria toxoid to stimulate a stronger immune response. This vaccine is part of standard childhood immunization schedules in many countries.
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