Microbiology
Summary
Babesia spp. are parasitic protozoa primarily spread by the Ixodes tick, also known as a deer tick, which can transfer the parasite to humans and farm animals through its saliva. The geographical distribution of Babesia is primarily in the Americas, especially in the Northeast region, as well as regions of Europe and Asia.
Babesia spp. are the cause of babesiosis, a disease that primarily results in blood-related symptoms such as hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinuria, and jaundice. Asplenic patients, or those with sickle cell disease, are more likely to be symptomatic with babesiosis and suffer a higher risk of severe disease. The protozoa can have a tetrad "Maltese cross" appearance inside red blood cells seen on blood smear, which is a key diagnostic feature that differentiates babesiosis from malaria. Treatments commonly used are atovaquone and azithromycin.
Lesson Outline
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FAQs
Babesia is a type of parasitic protozoa chiefly transmitted by Ixodes ticks, most commonly found in the Northeast parts of the United States. The parasite can also be transmitted through blood transfusions if the donor is infected, though this is less common.
Common symptoms of babesiosis include fatigue, fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, and hemolytic anemia, which is a result of the protozoa invading red blood cells. In severe cases, the disease can cause organ failure. Many of these symptoms are similar to flu symptoms, which can make it difficult to diagnose. Some people, however, may not show any symptoms at all, particularly if they are otherwise healthy.
Babesia infections are diagnosed through a combination of clinical findings and laboratory tests. These may include a complete blood count to check for hemolytic anemia, as well as a blood smear. One distinguishing feature of babesiosis on a blood smear is the "Maltese cross" formation, which shows the parasites inside red blood cells. Additional DNA tests may be conducted to confirm the diagnosis.
The most common treatment for babesiosis is a combination of the drugs atovaquone and azithromycin. These medications are typically prescribed for people who have symptoms. In severe cases, or cases where these drugs cannot be used, a combination of clindamycin and quinine may be used instead. Blood transfusions may also be necessary in severe cases of babesiosis where the patient develops hemolytic anemia.
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